Cartography Topics and Projects

Please log off the computer before leaving the lab
INTRODUCTION TO THEMATIC MAPPING 

Differences between thematic maps and reference maps.

Even though thematic maps are highly generalized, a sense of scale is still important.

A thematic map contains geographic information serving as a base map and thematic data related to those locations.

The thematic data can be categorized as qualitative or quantitative.

Cartographic Generalization: selection, classification, simplification, symbolization.

Model the mapping process.

Compilation process and purpose

Ethics in cartography (adapted from Dent's "Thematic Mapping")
1. Always have a straightforward agenda, and have a defining purpose or goal for each map.
2. Do not intentionally lie with data.
3. Data should not be discarded simply because they are contrary to a position held by those creating a map.
4. Strive for an accurate portrayal of the data.
5. Avoid plagiarizing; report all data sources.
6. Symbolization should not be selected to bias the interpretation of the map.


NYC flood risk
Maine Coast - Penobscot Bay with smaller scale inset

PROCESSING GEOGRAPHIC DATA

Data Classification
Reduce complextity and detail to allow for more effective communication. 
Make patterns in the data (e.g. clustering or linearity) stand out. 
Group like data together and substitute a representative symbol

Number of Classes and Class Breaks

Nominal; Ordinal; Interval Ratio Scales of Measurement
Nominal (Qualitative); Ordinal and Interval/Ratio (Quantitative)

Summary Statistics and Measures of Central Tendency
Mode (Nominal scale data) shows the greatest frequency.
Median (Ordinal data) value in the middle of an array (values in ascending or descending order).
Mean (Interval/Ratio data) is calculated by adding all of the values and dividing by the number of values.

Ratio (shows relationship between variables). Example: population density (number of people per square mile).
Proportion (ratio of the number of "units" in a class to the total). Example: Number of Foreign born residents in a city out of the total population. 
45,398 foreign born divided by 125,000 total population = 0.36 
Percent (a proportion multiplied by 100). Example: 0.36 x 100 = 36% foreign born population in Paterson in 1910 (easier to understand).

Hurricane Frances

Global Malaria

Heart Disease

Middlesex Crime Data (source: NJ State Police uniform crime reports)



Introduction to:
* Heads up or onscreen digitizing
* Working with layers.
* Using the pen tool (all of the tools are in the tool palette). Hover the cursor over a tool to see what it is.
* Geometric shape tool.
* Filling a polygon with shading and changing the stroke of a line.
* Other elements usually included with a thematic map.
* Visual hierarchy
* Saving your work (use "save as" to change the version of Illustrator your file is saved for, e.g. CS3).

To make a simple North arrow using Illustrator, draw a line, then click on "STROKE" at the top of the page.
This will open the stroke palette (or you can find any palette under the WINDOW menu).
An arrow is made up of a line and an arrowhead (which may be grouped).

Intro to Illustrator excercise
Mertz Farm map for practicing with Illustrator tools.
Click (or right click>save as) the link to download scan to your U drive space.
Open this file using Illustrator.
Name and lock layer 1.
Create a new layer and name it "farm polygon".
Use the pen tool to draw the farm as a polygon.
This would be a good time to name and save your file to your U drive space.
Color (fill) the polygon white. Make the stroke a 0.5 point line.
Create a new layer and name it "background".
Draw a rectangle that is a little larger than the farm polygon.
Fill it with a light gray.
Drag the background layer below the farm layer.
Create a new layer and name it "misc".
Reproduce the text, scale bar, and north arrow.
Hand in a printout (make sure your name is on it).


Online Illustrator help
 
 
ADOBE ILLUSTRATOR TUTORIALS
Links below are pdf files
ILLUSTRATOR TIPS
SHAPES
STROKED TEXT
TYPE
DRAWING WITH THE PEN
 

MAPPING AREALLY AGGREGATED DATA
Appropriateness of the Data: 1. Discrete data that occurs in defined enumeration units; 2. Derived values (ratios or proportions).

Data Classification: 1. Determine class intervals (constant or variable intervals); 2. Determine number of classes.

Note: To make good decisions about geographic data classification, if is helpful to understand the area the data is collected from. A good way to start is by looking at a variety of reference maps.
Wisconsin outline map
Wisconsin (county boundaries dominate other information)
Wisconsin physical features
The same thematic data will be portrayed differently on a map as a result of the classification scheme that is used.

Area Symbols: 1. Value (lighter less, darker more); 2. Consider patterns for nominal areal data.

Legend Design: 1. Easy to read; 2. Symbols in legend and on map match exactly; 3. class ranges only include data being mapped.

TYPES: 1. Choropleth 2. Dasymetric

Lethal Injections (nominal data)
Methodists (raw data)
Where NJ natives live
Puerto Rico Population Change

Median House value black&white | color
Housing Cost Data

Plant Hardiness Zones
Fall foliage dasymetric

Anthrax dasymetric
Anthrax choropleth

No smoking programs
Pension shortfalls
Hurricane Ivan


Park Expansion (how to create adjacent polgons). Download this scan, open in Illustrator, copy and paste into Mertz Farm file, rotate, align and reduce (farm polygon, Ton Ton scan, and scale). Lock scan layer. 1. Select a polygon. Edit>copy. Edit>paste in front ("paste in front" will maintain registration between the two copies, "paste" won't).
2. Create a new layer in the layers palette. If the copy is still selected, you will see a colored square in the layer palette. Drag the square to the new layer.
3. Click the lock on the layer with the original polygon.
4. Use the black selection arrow and click on the copy of the polygon. Use the scissors tool to cut the polygon copy to create the line segment that the
two polygons share, and delete the unwanted part of the polygon copy.
5. Use the pen tool to turn the line segment that you just created into a polygon perfectly registered with the polygon next to it.

Crime doesn't pay, crime management does. After handing in the park expansion, read and familiarize yourself with the crime data at the links below.

Star Ledger article from September 19, 2010: "NJ Police Salaries Rank Highest in Nation"
<http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2010/09/nj_police_salaries_rank_highes.html>

Download the Star Ledger's complete analysis for Middlesex County
During the next week, experiment a bit with the crime rate per 1,000 data and then decide how many classes and what class intervals you want to use for your map.
MAPPING POINT PHENOMENA
Appropriateness of the Data: 1. Discrete data that occurs at specific locations (related to scale).
Churches in Hawaii (nominal data)
Dot Maps are very effective for portraying spatial density.
1. Dot value (one or many) Dr. Snow's cholera map
2. Dot size (coalescence) US harvest 1949
3. Dot placement (center of gravity principle; consider related variables).
Locating the dots from http://www.ncgia.ucsb.edu/education/curricula/cctp/units/unit47/html/dotmap.html

Proportional Symbol Maps use graduated quantitative point symbols. Where the oil is
Different map symbols can be used effectively on the same map, but be aware of symbol overload.
Urban Population (dots and proportional circles)
West Nile This Season
Religious Outliers; article in the NYT
Life in L.A. (award winning multi-variate design)
Chernoff Faces from http://www.bradandkathy.com/software/faces.html#chernoff
Face expression researcher at Rutgers

Is this a proportional symbol map? Known oil reserves

Dot Map Toyota Ad
Job creation by Toyota

PART 1 Middlesex County Crime Mapping
In-class map excercise showing crime rate per 1,000 for towns in Middlesex County.
The directions below are also available here as a Word doc that you can print out.

We are not going to include info on police pay or name the towns on the compilation copy.
Download this pdf file of towns in Middlesex County to your U drive space (right click; save link as).
Use Adobe Illustrator to open this file. This will serve as the base for your map of crime in Middlesex County.
This would be a good time to "save as" and name your file.
Make sure it is in your U drive space. Save often.

You will see that the bottom layer in the file is a screen capture of the area from Google maps.
This is only meant to serve as a reference to help you locate the 25 towns in Middlesex County and to create a scale bar.
You should click off the "eyball" for the bottom layer so it does not print out on the map you hand in.

Create a new layer for each class you will be creating, and name it with the range of values of the class interval.
For example if you divided the data into three classes, create three new layers.
Next, follow the directions below to move each town to the appropriate layer based on the class you assigned it to.

Make sure the Layers Palette is open and visible. It may not be open, or it may be in the dock.
You can open the Window menu at the top of the screen to see which palettes have a check mark next to them.
If there is a check mark next to Layers, it is open, though may be out of site in the dock on the right side.
Put you cursor over the dock and it will give you the name of the palette. If it is what you want, click to open it.
If there is no check in the Windows menu next to a palette you want, click on its name and it will open.

The 25 town polygons are filled with white to help you select them.
Use the black arrow and click anywhere within the polygon to select it.
When the polygon is selected, a colored square representing it will show up in the town polygons layer.
Drag that square up to the layer you want to move the town polygon to, and release (this is how to move objects to another layer).
The polygon should still be selected, and the square in the Layers palette will change to the color of the new layer.
Repeat this procedure until you have all of the 25 towns divided into the classes that you created.

This should leave the town polygon layer empty. To check, click on the circle icon on the town polygonlayer in the Layers palette.
Clicking on the circle icon (toward the right side of a layer) selects everything on that layer.
If the layer has been emptied correctly to other layers, nothing will be selected. If it is empty, you can delete it.

The same technique can be used to add shading to every polygon in a class (one layer at a time).
In the Layers palette, click on the circle icon of your lowest class layer to select every town polygon on that layer.
With all the towns in the class selected, pull down the fill menu and select a light gray shading for them. Repeat these stips for the other classes.
The lowest class will have the lightest shading, the highest class interval range will have the darkest gray.


USING SPACE EFFECTIVELY
Maximize scale of map in the available space

How do you decide if north should be at the top of the map?
Rotating map to fit column
Churches 1750
Lobsters

TYPOGRAPHY

Design Goals (legibility; contrast)
Functions of map lettering (naming; extent; orientation; hierarchy)
The style elements of type (font; size; weight; roman or italic; capitals or lowercase; letterspacing; word spacing; line spacing (leading);
Components of type (baseline; ascenders; descenders; serif or sans serif;)

AukeAukeIslandAukeCreekAukMountainAukeCove
Design dos and don'ts

Avoid using more than two type families on a page. Generally, one serif and one sans serif make a nice mix.
Using the serif for text around the map, and san serif for text on the map is a common practice. (adapted from Adobe's "Tips for Type")
For projects in this class, limit yourself to Arial (san serif) and Times (serif). That will help avoid problems if you work on different compters.
A glossary of typographic terms (from Adobe's "Tips for Type")


Important Difference Between Cartography and Book Typography
Making maps easy to read
What is unicode?
Esperfonto intro to using type in design
fonts.com

Critique: California 1990 Percentage Hispanic Population

London Underground map
Critique: Colorado Ski Resort map

PART 2 Middlesex County Crime Mapping

1. Add the town names to your map.
Download the file at this link: Middlesex County with town names (PDF file). Click to download or right click to save link to U drive.
Use Illustrator to open the file. When the file opens, look in the layers palette's options (click little arrow in upper right of palette) and make sure that there is a check mark
next to "paste remembers layers" (second option from the bottom). This means that when you copy data from multiple layers, it will stay on multiple layers when you paste it
in another Illustrator file.
You can copy and paste the town names and numbers (which are on two different layers) from this file to your map.

2. Add a second, related data set to you map (characterization of the town: urban, suburban, or rural).
This means that you will have to generalize the characterizations in the last column of the Excel file to end up with these three classes.
Use pattens to represent the new data. Select from the six patterns that are in the new file that you downloaded (Middlesex County with town names).
Draw 6 small boxes in the newly downloaded file. Fill each one with one of the line patterns. Select the 6 boxes filled with patterns, then copy and paste them into your map file.
The line patterns should show up in the swatch palette of your map file. If they do, you can delete the boxes. If they don't, tell your instructor.
This might be a good time to "save as" and modify the name of your map (e.g. Middlesex crime 4).
The patterns can be modified using the scale and rotate tools (make sure to uncheck "objects" in the options section of each tool's palette). Then only the pattern will change, not the polygon.

Make sure that you have all of the elements listed below on your map.

THEMATIC MAP ELEMENTS
map, neatline, title, scale bar, legend, source statement, ID group

The neatline is a rectangle around the map, usually equal an distance from it's edges on all four sides (about an 1/8 of an inch from the map's edges).
Create a title that describes what the map is about. A thematic map's title usually answers the question what, where, and when.
Using the scale in the bottom left of the Google screen grab as a reference, draw a simple bar scale to show miles.
A legend to explain you class intervals and the gray shading assigned to them, and the patterns representing the second data set (rural, suburban, or urban).
The source statement will be, Source: NJSP Uniform Crime Reports.
The ID group is your name, Rutgers University, the year.
You can look back at the Mertz Farm excercise and examples on the class website for ideas about creating these elements (i.e. sizing, placement).

Turn in a printout at the end of class, or if you need more time, slide a copy under my office door by 4:30 pm today (B246).

Don't forget that you can look up Illustrator tools and how to do things in the Help menu at the top of the screen.


MAP PROJECTIONS

GLOBES - pros and cons
FLAT MAPS - pros and cons
Summary

Latitude is based on physical features (axis of rotation, poles). It is a measure of north or south from the equator (0°)
Longitude is a measure of east or west from the Prime Meridian (0°). The Prime Meridian was set by "diplomatic" agreement.
Grid systems create geographic addresses.

Projecting geographic information from a spherical surface to a flat surface causes the information to be transformed.
We will focus on two major transformations of projected information: 1. Shape and 2. Area.

Three "families" of map projections based on developable surfaces (from The Geographer's Craft).
Developable surfaces (cone, cyllinder, plane) each result in distinctive pattern of deformation of the graticule.
Standard line(s) and centering control distortion in the area of main interest on a map.

The shape or relative area of a physical feature will be changed when it is projected, but it will have the same lat/long address.

By choosing how the map is centered, the standard lines, and deciding on what quality to maintain (e.g. conformality or equivalence), a cartographer can make the "distortion" caused by projecting geographic information serve the purpose of a map.

SELECTING AN APPROPRIATE PROJECTION DURING COMPILATION
Dot map reqires equal area projection

"Because distortion is generally greater toward the margins of a map projection, each projection shows the shape, area, or angles of some parts of the world more correctly than it does other parts. Consequently, in choosing a projection for a world map, one must identify the part of the world to be shown or emphasized and carefully match a map projection to that area. A world map of agricultural regions would benefit from comparatively low distortion in mid-latitude zones, whereas a map portraying the world distribution of tundra and permafrost should show areas north of 70° as accurately as possible." (from ch. 5 of Matching the map projection to the need)

Paul Anderson's pointers for picking a map projection. His gallery of projections.
Select a projection with characteristics that suit the purpose of your map (National Geographic).
Globe Mercator Conic Azimuthal Peters Summary

Round Earth, Flat Map,From National Geographic
Head distorted by projection selection
Alaska or Brazil, which is larger?
Alaska is bigger than N.J., but why we may not realize how big Alaska is.
USGS projection poster. The arc of a great circle shows the shortest distance between points on the surface of the Earth
USGS map projection links

Facing East On a Mercator projection, any straight line is a rhumb line (line of constant direction).
Projection focusing on the oceans
Marine Minerals focusing on the oceans, but maintaining familiar land shapes.
Polar projection creates a "different" impression of distances.
Azimuthal Equidistant Projection. Use to determine true distances and azimuths from New York City. Map explanation

PROPAGANDA/PERSUASION
Taiwan squashed like a bug <http://members.tripod.com/~Bektar/maps.html> JPEG from webpage
China and Taiwan
JB Krygier lecture
Hark Hark the dogs do bark <http://victoriansatwar.net/archives/maps_2.html> JPEG from webpage
Nazi Propaganda
US Civil War
Importance of proofing
Peters Projection vs. Mercator Projection

RESOURCES ON OTHER WEBSITES
Picture Gallery of projections
ACSM Matching the Map Projection to the Need
Wolfram Research map projections
3D Software map Projections

Robinson Projection download (shapefile; pdf; jpeg)

Florida Tribes (map design excercise)
AFRICA FRESHWATER & SANITATION PROJECT

This report by the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP) confirms that
advances continue to be made towards greater access to safe drinking-water. Progress in relation to access to basic
sanitation is however insufficient to achieve the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) target to halve, by 2015,
the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking-water and basic sanitation. JMP REPORT (pdf file)

Africa base map for compilation:
Online viewing | Download pdf file & open in Illustrator to create compilation copy.
Africa physical features map (including sources of rivers)

Africa elevation map

Political map of Africa from the UN (clearly shows lakes)
Simple Political Map of Africa

Routes of Explorers

Nile Basin

Ancient Africa map (too generalized to use for your project) 

Abstract Examples

AFRICA BASE MAP for first digital version
AFRICA INSET MAP

Examples from 2011



CARTOGRAMS

"Value by area cartograms are important. Our socioeconomic overview of the world will be more realistic if we think of the relative importance of its parts in the proportions of a population cartogram rather than in the proportions of a map." - Erwin Raisz

from Thematic Cartography by Judith Tyner:
1. Cartograms have strong visual impact.
2. There is no loss of detail through generalization of data into categories.
3. Cartograms permit the representation of distributions that might be obscured by variation in enumeration sizes if mapped by
conventional means, and because there is little unnecessary detail, they may be more clear representations of some distributions.

AREA CARTOGRAMS
Value by area cartograms (contiguous and non-contiguous)
 
2008 U.S. Presidential election 

State of the World Atlas 

Cartogram Central <http://www.ncgia.ucsb.edu/projects/Cartogram_Central/>

Dorling Cartogram | from Cartogram Central <http://www.ncgia.ucsb.edu/projects/Cartogram_Central/cartogram_examples/dorling3.jpg>


LINE CARTOGRAMS
Linear cartogram



FLOWLINES
Appropriateness of the Data: Quantitative linear data

African Slave Trade
<http://www.slavevoyages.org/tast/assessment/intro-maps.faces>

Napoleon's defeat flowline (explanatory text) 

Natural Gas flowline

U.S. Foreign-Born Population flowline map
 
The Advantages of Cartograms. Slide show by Dan Dorling
 


"Information Visualization" Abstract
Cartograms are a well-known technique for showing geography-related statistical information, such as population demographics and epidemiological data. The basic idea is to distort a map by resizing its regions according to a statistical parameter, but in a way that keeps the map recognizable. In this paper, we deal with the problem of making continuous cartograms that strictly retain the topology of the input mesh. We compare two algorithms that solve the continuous cartogram problem. The first one uses an iterative relocation of vertices based on scanlines. This algorithm explicitly accounts for induced shape error. The second one is based on the Gridfit technique, which uses pixel-based distortion based on a quadtree-like data structure. The basic idea is to insert pixels, the number of which corresponds to a statistical parameter, into the data structure and distort the pixels such that every pixel obtains a unique, nonoverlapping position. Relocation of vertices of the map are positioned using the same distortion. We discuss the results obtained from both methods, compare their shape and area trade-offs as well as their efficiency, and show results from different applications.

London Underground map



ISOLINES
Appropriateness of the Data: Three-dimensional volume that is continuous in nature.
Isolines can be used to represent many kinds of quantitative geographic data (e.g. temperature or population density).
Isoline map schematic. 2D quantitative line symbols representing of a 3D real or statistical continuous surface.
Pattern of Isolines provides information on shape of 3D surface (magnitude, spacing, orientation).
Contour interpretation
Contour patterns
Relationship between land surface and contours
Drawing isolines Isoline is placed between control points of known or assumed magnitudes (z values).
Interpolation is used when placing isolines on the map, and when isoline maps are read.
Datum is the zero point from which z values are measured from.

Design:
Black contour lines (like the lat/long grid) are strong visual elements.
Make contour labels easy for map viewer to read (break line and orient in an orderly fashion).
Contour interval note helps reader interpret isoline maps (especially if each isoline is nor labeled).

Travel Times
Isoline gentrification map
Problem with 50 foot contour interval


For critique: Blood Supply Graph


PORTRAYING THE LAND SURFACE FORM

Why is being able to portray the land surface form so important to various human activities?

Small scale representations: African Hills of yore Connecticut

PERSPECTIVE
Landscape view 16th century (oblique view)
Aeroview of New Brunswick 1910
NYC satellite image (bird's eye view)
Profile view

VIEWING ANGLE FOR OBLIQUE PERSPECTIVES
Simple computer drawn 3D surface

COMPONENTS OF THE LAND SURFACE FORM (elevation, slope, shape)

METRICAL/NON-METRICAL METHODS

Costa Rica (hachures)

NJ hachure caterpillars

Hachures around Mt. Elbrus

Hill Shading

Contours and Hill Shading

Block Diagram

From contour map to Landscape Profile

Oblique Regional View physiographic Diagram || Erwin Raisz

African Physiographic Diagram by A.K. Lobeck

Eduard Imhof

Heinrich Caesar Berann's panoramas

National Park perspective views

Historic Alaska exploration software recreations; JPEG from website
Relief: Article about depicting a surface on a map

Bump map

GLOBE The Global Land One-km Base Elevation Project

National Atlas of the United States


Resources for Project 2

screengrab from Google maps

Google maps

Acme Mapper (Google mashup with USGS topo quad overlays)
Use this site to explore topographic symboliztion around the area of your project

Alphanumeric grid example (your page size project will not have guidelines extending across the map)

Topographic map symbol examples

USGS topographic map symbols <pdf>

All the symbols for large scale maps (pdf)

National Park Service website symbols, patterns, and maps
To load patterns into Illustrator (Window>Swatch Library>Other library...>navigate to file and select it)

NPS symbols (AI file, also in 355 folder)

Description of NPS symbols (pdf)

Integration & Application Network (IAN) symbol collections

Online Nautical Chart viewer

Some symbols from nautical charts 


ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS / IMPACTS / REMEDIATION

Marsh restoration project

Example of symbolization in the water

Heritage Area and Heritage Trail

Cultural Resource Inventory

HISTORICAL WEB SITES

SOUTH HAMPTON example of a topo quad reduced to 1" = 4000' (AI file in 355 folder)

The Map Realm fictional road maps

Worst Case Scenario (changing names to serve a thematic purpose) || Trenton


Geologic map symbolization (PostScript Implementation)

Weather symbols

How to download and scale a topo quad

Example of a state index and a topographic map quad scan
Maine topo quad index
Camden, Me topo

Double click your state's index in 355 class folder to view it
Source for downloading a State's Index for topo maps
Below are links to sites with scans of USGS topographic quads:
Download topo quad(s). Then reduce quad until one inch equals 4000 feet.

Topoquest

Libre Map Project on the Internet Archive
Libre Map Project

MAP DESIGN
 
Map Aesthetics and design quotes from Dent's "Cartography, Thematic Map Design":

"The quality of a map is also in part an aesthetic matter. Maps should have harmony within themselves
An ugly map, with crude colors, careless line work, and disagreeable, poorly arranged lettering may be
intrinsically as accurate as a beautiful map, but it is less likely to inspire confidence." John K. Wright

"The 'art' of cartography...is not simply an anachronism surviving from some prescientific era;
it is an integral part of the cartographic process." John S. Keates

"Three elements have been identified as forming the basis for the evaluation of map aesthetics: harmony, composition, and clarity." Aart J. Karssen
Harmony is viewed as the relationship between different map elements (i.e. how do the elements look together?).
Composition deals with the arrangement of the elements and the emphasis places on them (visual hierarchy).
Clarity deals with the ease of recognition of the map's elements by the map user

Contrast leads to perceptual differentiation, the ability of the eye to discern differences.
Contrast is fundamental in developing figure/ground relationships and a visual hierarchy.

Design Elements

Figure Ground relationships

POINT SYMBOLS: Pictorial, Abstract (e.g. geometric)

AREA SYMBOLS
Chart Junk
State Plan

Title/Legend faults

Rotating map to fit column
Churches 1750
Lobsters

Lack of contrast
Miskito Coast
Printing Centers


El Salvador

MashomackPreserve

PREFERENCES allows you to adjust settings for Illustrator


SOURCES OF DATA & BASE MAPS

Accuracy and Reliability of your data source(s).

What is the best source of data and reference maps to use when creating thematic maps?
1. Books
2. The internet
3. Government agencies (e.g. Census Bureau)



Census Information

Original purpose of the decennial census

Strengths and limitations of census data:
Nation-wide, freely available, comrehensive socio-economic data

How important/effective is the collection system?
Census Bureau's "Why It's Important"
Drawing conclusions from census data

Privacy Issues: nature of questions; data is aggregated; laws protect privacy
Internship of Japanese Americans during WWII Census Bureau research paper NY Times article

Changes to census questions and enumeration units through time and the impact this has on mapping census data

Census Bureau Census surveys Census FAQs

Enumeration areas: Census vs. Political

Census Geography

How does the size of the enumeration unit affect patterns in the data?
 
NJ Census Profile (which is the most and least densely populated county?)
Population Density
Population
Ethnicity (black & white)
U.S Census Information

About the Census
American Community Survey

FEMA <http://www.fema.gov/

Forbes flood insurance article <http://www.forbes.com/business/services/2005/09/07/katrina-flood-insurance-cz_ms_0907beltway.html>
"The problem is that 75% of U.S. flood hazard maps are outdated, "which greatly limits their value in reducing flood losses to lives and property," Michael Bullock, of Intermap Federal Services, told a Congressional committee in July. For example, the flood maps for much of Spartanburg County in South Carolina date back to 1984. In Cobb County, Georgia, FEMA uses maps from 1992--since then, the number of housing units there has grown from 190,000 to 256,000, meaning there's less undeveloped land area to absorb runoff and more area that could flood."
Home flood insurance article
"It's very difficult to look at insurance rate maps and make a determination if something is in the flood plain," said Curt Sumner,
executive director of the American Congress on Surveying and Mapping. "Everybody knows these insurance rate maps are
difficult to read and not very accurate."
Yet they are the only maps that surveyors or lenders are required to use in determining if property is in a flood plain.
The FEMA maps identify properties in a 100-year flood plain, that is, with a 1 percent chance of flooding in any given year.
Cities and counties use the maps to help regulate development. The maps are based on engineers' hydrological studies.
Due to rapid development, which causes flood plains to grow, most of the maps now in use are outdated, state and local officials concede,
and are being updated throughout Georgia.

MAP DESIGN USING COLOR
Convention, Association, Personal preference
How does color affect map design and map aesthetics?

Seismic Risks
Domestic Slave Trade, 1808-1865

The End


Mental Maps
NYC created by Maira Kalman and Rick Meyerowitz
Cartographic Curiosities

Make sure Preferences>Units are set to inches before creating pie charts in Illustrator

Paterson 1910 gif
Paterson 1910 Illustrator file (right click link, save link as)
Paterson 1920 jpg
Paterson 1872 jpg